{"id":1523,"date":"2026-04-09T15:03:38","date_gmt":"2026-04-09T15:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/?p=1523"},"modified":"2026-04-09T15:06:41","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T15:06:41","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8f%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/?p=1523","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a || \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u0633\u0646\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    \n
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  2. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb (\u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627-\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629)\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u2013 \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u2013 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  14. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 <\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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      \n
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    2. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u00a0 (SAP)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u00ab\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 (\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0651 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0631\u2013\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063118<\/mark><\/sup> \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0651\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0632: \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0632) \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e: \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643” (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0621) \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a” (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a) \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629” \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      3- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Nepman<\/em>) \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064c \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (19211928 -)\u060c \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629\u2014\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u2014\u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      4- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 (1795\u20131799) \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a 18 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 1799.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      5- \u00a0\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      6- \u00a0\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 Libertarian \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Anarchism)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 (\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629).
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7- \u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642. \u0641\u064a 9 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 (27 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1794) \u0623\u064f\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u00ab\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a: \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      8- \u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Le Consulat) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u00a0 1799 \u06481804 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a (\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 18 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1804.\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      9- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646: \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0641 (1883\u20131936)\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646) \u0628\u064a\u0646 1919\u20131926\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0636\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u064f\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1927\u060c \u062b\u0645 “\u062a\u0627\u0628” \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1936)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      10 \u00a0\u0643\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0643 (1874\u20131920)\u060c \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1918\u20131920). \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627” \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646). \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


      11- \u00a0\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u064f\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1917. \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629”. \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      12- \u00a0Le Temps\u00a0 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      13- \u00a0\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627 (1869\u20131939) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


      14- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u0647\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u00ab\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0647\u00bb \u0645\u064a\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0637\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      15- \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1799\u20131804): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 18 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u00bb \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629: \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      16- \u00a0\u0634\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0631: \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1932 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1933). \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0634\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0632\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631. \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a “\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629” (1934) \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u2013\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0634\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0642\u0651\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u063a : \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 (1924\u20131931) \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1934 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 “\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647” \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0624\u0645\u0651\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645” \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0634\u064b\u0651\u0627. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0629: \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      17- \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 :\u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (KPD) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 1923 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064d \u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646: \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a (CPUSA) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0632\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u062a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a”)\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629)” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      18-  \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (KPD) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (SAP). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0631. \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a (SAP) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a: 1 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1935 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629: \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1935 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1526,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1523","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1523"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1523\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1530,"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1523\/revisions\/1530"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1526"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1523"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1523"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/Iskra-theory.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}